The hardest metals we machine. 700 °C service. Sour wells.
Inconel 625 and 718, Hastelloy C-276, X-750 — nickel superalloys that retain strength where every other metal fails. Aerospace hot section, oil and gas sour service, nuclear, chemical processing. Expensive, slow to machine, but irreplaceable.
At a glance
- Density
- 8.19 g/cc
- Yield strength
- 1,036 MPa
- Tensile strength
- 1,275 MPa
- Elongation
- 12 %
- Hardness
- 45 HRC
- Max service temp
- 700 °C
- Thermal cond.
- 11 W/m·K
- Machinability
- 15% (very poor)
Key data
- Density
- 8.19 g/cc
- Yield strength
- 1,036 MPa
- Tensile strength
- 1,275 MPa
- Elongation
- 12 %
- Hardness
- 45 HRC
- Max service temp
- 700 °C
- Thermal cond.
- 11 W/m·K
- Machinability
- 15% (very poor)
Nickel superalloys.
Inconel 625
Solid-solution strengthened nickel alloy. Excellent corrosion resistance and moderate strength. Seawater, marine, aerospace exhaust, chemical processing. Not heat-treatable.
Inconel 718
Precipitation-hardenable to 1,036 MPa yield. Retains strength to 700 °C. Aerospace hot section, rocket engines, turbine components. Most common aerospace superalloy.
Inconel X-750
Similar to 718 but with elevated-temperature spring properties. Used for high-temperature aerospace springs, turbine bolts.
Hastelloy C-276
Molybdenum and tungsten additions. Best-in-class corrosion resistance to most acids including hot HCl. Chemical processing, scrubbers, FGD systems.
Hastelloy X
Optimized for oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures. Gas turbine combustors, industrial furnace components.
Incoloy 825
Balanced Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo alloy. Excellent stress corrosion cracking resistance. Oil and gas downhole tools, sour service components.
Four primary grades cover most industrial applications. The choice depends on temperature, corrosion environment, and whether precipitation hardening is needed.
When superalloys are required.
Elevated temperature strength
Retains useful strength to 700 °C (Inconel 718) where stainless and aluminum fail. Aerospace hot section, rocket engines.
Extreme corrosion resistance
Hastelloy C-276 resists hot concentrated HCl, HF, H2SO4 at temperatures where stainless dissolves.
Cryogenic toughness
Maintains strength and toughness to -253 °C (liquid hydrogen). Aerospace fuel systems, LNG processing.
Nuclear radiation resistance
Low cobalt variants (Inconel 725) resist radiation damage. Used in nuclear fuel assemblies and pressure vessels.
Nickel superalloys are 4–8× the cost of stainless steel. Specify them only when the application genuinely requires their unique properties.
Superalloy applications.
Aerospace hot section
Turbine blades, vanes, combustor liners — Inconel 718 DMLS + CNC finished
Rocket engine parts
Injector plates, nozzle sections, valve bodies — Inconel 718, 625
Oil & gas downhole
Sour-service tool bodies, packers — Inconel 718 (NACE-qualified)
Chemical reactors
Hastelloy C-276 vessels, agitators, heat exchangers for aggressive chemistry
Nuclear components
Fuel rod spacers, control mechanism parts — specialty grade variants
Desalination
Inconel 625 heat exchangers, evaporator tubing for seawater
Pollution control
Hastelloy scrubber internals, SO2 absorption hardware
Marine exhaust
Inconel 625 marine diesel exhaust, turbocharger housings
Industrial furnace
Hastelloy X combustion chambers, radiant tubes
Superalloy finishes.
As-machined
Ra 1.6–3.2 µm. Visible tool marks due to work hardening. Post-processing typically required.
Passivated
Nitric acid passivation similar to stainless. Enhances corrosion-resistant passive layer.
Bead blasted
Uniform matte finish. Common for cosmetic and pre-coating preparation.
Pickled
Acid pickling removes mill scale and heat treatment discoloration. Common on as-heat-treated parts.
Electropolished
Mirror-smooth electrochemical finish. Used for crevice-corrosion-critical applications.
Ground
Surface grinding to Ra 0.4 µm on critical bearing surfaces.
Shot peened
Compressive residual stress layer for fatigue improvement. Standard on aerospace rotating parts.
HIP + CNC
Hot isostatic pressing (through partner) before final CNC — densifies and improves fatigue.
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The hardest metals we machine — questions
Why is Inconel so expensive to machine?
Three factors: raw material cost (Inconel 718 billet is roughly $80–120/kg vs $8 for stainless), slow machining (cutting speed 20–30 m/min vs 150 for stainless — 5–8× longer cycle), and tool cost (carbide end mills last 30 minutes in Inconel vs 4 hours in stainless, with CBN tooling required for some operations). A typical finished Inconel part costs 8–15× the equivalent stainless part.
Inconel 625 vs 718 — which for my application?
Inconel 625: use when corrosion resistance is the primary concern (seawater, chemical, marine exhaust). Not heat-treatable, moderate strength. Inconel 718: use when high strength and high-temperature service are required (aerospace hot section, rocket engines). Heat-treatable to very high strength, but less corrosion resistant than 625. For combined corrosion + high temperature, consider Inconel 725 or specialty alloys.
Do you have experience with DMLS printed Inconel + machining?
Yes — a growing aerospace workstream. DMLS prints complex Inconel 718 geometry (internal channels, topology-optimized brackets), then CNC machining finishes critical features (mounting holes, mating surfaces) to drawing tolerance. Combined printed + CNC workflow enables designs impossible via pure CNC. See our <a href="/metal-3d-printing.html">metal 3D printing page</a>.
What heat treatments do you do on Inconel 718?
Standard aerospace heat treatment: solution anneal at 980 °C, then double-aging at 720 °C + 620 °C to achieve 1,036 MPa yield strength. We perform heat treatment in-house for most Inconel work; critical aerospace heat treatments routed through AMS 2774-qualified partners for compliance. Full heat treatment records provided on aerospace orders.
What is the lead time for superalloy parts?
Material availability drives lead time. Common grades (625, 718, C-276) typically in stock or 1–2 week lead time from mill. Specialty grades (X-750, 725, 925) may have 4–6 week mill lead times. Machining time for superalloys is typically 2–4× the equivalent stainless part due to slower cutting parameters. Typical complete order: 4–8 weeks for simple parts, 8–14 weeks for complex aerospace components.
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