Key principles.
PE, PP
Low cost insulators. Cable insulation, capacitor films.
Cable insulation
PVC standard cable jacketing. Cheap, durable.
High-temp electrical
Premium PEEK for high-temp electrical insulation.
PCB substrate
Glass-fiber epoxy. PCB substrate. UL94 V-0.
High-voltage
Alumina, zirconia for extreme voltage.
Flexible
Silicone for flexible high-temperature insulation.
FAQ
Voltage at which insulation fails (breaks down). kV/mm typical.
Ceramics (alumina) for extreme. PEEK for high-temp+voltage. Silicone for flex.
Flammability rating. V-2 most lenient, V-1 mid, V-0 most stringent.
FR-4 standard. High-frequency: Rogers, polyimide. Per application.
Surface contamination + voltage causes tracking. CTI (Comparative Tracking Index) measures.
ASTM D149 dielectric strength. UL standards for safety certification.
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